My first candidate thesis was proposed to me, to tackle the problem of such a gas phase reactor that would contain gaseous uranium hexachloride as fuel and such problems, namely the problem of interaction at high temperatures of uranium hexachloride with construction materials. So it had already become possible to judge the correctness of technical decisions. There was a group that investigated the causes of the accident; a group that was occupied with decontamination and preparation for the launch of the first and second block; a group that worked on analysing what is being done in reactor number 4, the wreckage, diagnostics, research and other necessary things; a group that worked on the design for the sarcophagus itself; a group that worked on the construction of the sarcophagus; the army group that carried out the decontamination of the territory; a group that built new living spaces for the evacuated population; a group that worked on establishing decontamination posts to control transport and to wash and clean it. But at this time, my comrade postgraduate Viktor Konstantinovich Popov informed me that in Canada, Professor Bartlett had done excellent, staggering chemists work on obtaining a true xenon compound, one of the noble gases. Please help us share these tapes with the world. The number was increasing because the scouts were visiting more and more new areas, while the old areas were receiving more and more radionuclide fallout. Two of these ten projects, I am afraid, will have the same fate, and for roughly the same reasons. Except for Nikolai Ivanovich Rizhkov, the Operative group consisted of Yegor Kuzmich Ligachev, comrade Scherbikov, comrade Vorotnikov, comrade Vlasov - the minister of foreign affairs, Vladimir Ivanovich Dolgikh - secretary of the CCCPSU who on behalf of the Central Committee supervised all the events performed within the ChNPP and in the field of atomic power as a whole. Legasov: Even during the war, when a retreat was planned from a city, it was already determined in advance who would remain undercover, who would be with the army, etc. He was in shock all of the time. 26 April 1986 was a Saturday, a beautiful day and I was thinking of either going to my university department and finishing something there, or maybe letting things slide and going with my wife, Margarita Mikhailovna, and a friend to recreate somewhere, or of going to the party activists' meeting that was scheduled at 10 o'clock at the Ministry that supervises our Institute, The Kurchatov Nuclear Institute. This was done by initiative of Alexander Egorovich Meshkov; he was the one to issue the command, not the station management or the Ministry of Energy. Most of the first government commission were replaced by new staff due to radiation exposure. It was imperative to make proper estimates and calculations. But all these solutions and advice did not concern the design of the reactors, which I never worked on. And the main criminals Of course. The probability increases day by day because of again, those devices without containment. We arrived on the 26th at 8.20 pm. Capacities were created for the production of players capacities for metallurgy and extractive metallurgy facilities. And the measures there were simple. In private he campaigned for reactor safety and institutional reorganization. They gathered at the table and doled out houses and posts to themselves. The Government Commission worked from Pripyat for the first few days. All the solutions that we tested appeared to be successful. This is the main thing while the specific details are not so important. Valery Alexeyevich Legasov (Russian: ; born September 1, 1936 in Tula, Russia, Soviet Union; died April 27, 1988 in Moscow, Soviet Union) was a prominent Soviet inorganic chemist and a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. But again, it would be wrong to place all the blame on the operator, because someone made the plan, someone scribbled on it, someone signed it, and someone did not coordinate it. I remember an episode well when we, with General Kuncevich, arrived at Pripyat. And finally analyze the possibility of continuing the construction of 5th and 6th blocks. Then we must describe the accepted scenario of what happened in the reactor with the fuel: the time when it started heating, the time when it stopped heating, the cooling system and so on. Legasov: I heard them, and talked with Ryzhkov. We were moving towards Chernobyl. After the section by Vladimir Fyodorovich, I see that Vladimir Konstantinovich must be involved in two ways. [5] While Legasov attempted to include all the top scientists in the new organization, many objected to Legasov being given a top leadership position, considering him an upstart. They had an accident worse than this but everything remained inside the containment. These simulators would allow continuous training of personnel to properly react when a deviation from normal operation occurs. He left without punishment, so to say. All conceptual talks, all attempts at adopting a scientific, consistent approach towards this problem, they did not accept at all. Valery Legassov Transcriptions | PDF | Chernobyl Disaster | Radioactive Decay Valery Legassov transcriptions - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. But when it comes to the design of a [particular] aircraft, it must have a single owner. He finished his report. But at 11 am, it was already fully official. On April 26th, 1986, a nuclear explosion at the Chernobyl power plant rocked the area near the Ukrainian town of Pripyat, spreading giant clouds of radioactive material across 77,000 square miles of land. I will discuss the station itself, its history and operation a bit later so I won't disrupt the chronological order of this recording. The natural air circulation was so strong that this nitrogen was like a drop in the ocean. [1] Bencana Chernobyl [ sunting | sunting sumber] The first because it melts at low temperatures and because it has some ability to extract radioactive elements, on top of which it can act as a protective shield against gamma rays - these facts made it a good option. He praised nuclear energy, praised himself, praised his own Ministry, and said in passing, at Chernobyl, we have had a signal. But the growth was not qualitative but quantitative. These questions were drafted out then. Already the first launch of this reactor in the first RBMK unit of Leningrad NPP has shown that such a large active zone, implemented in the way it has been, was very complex for the operator. But coming back to Pripyat As I said, on the 26th of April, at 11 pm, it was decided that the people will be evacuated the next day. However, the use of robots was not successful because all the robots that were tested initially were either mechanically unable to operate among the wreckage, or they simply could not overcome the obstacles on large irregular surfaces. This, of course, seems surprising and strange. At the same time, he was not always right, he ordered what to do and how to do it. And the Government Commission itself remained in Pripyat. These were reconnaissance robots which we couldnt get in time from anywhere, from any country in the world. Adamovich: Whats his name and patronymic? All these were prospective questions. However, the technological support for this complex cycle is outdated. But there was no external radiation exposure or any other effect, so to say, on those people that were evacuated. Because the main thing is that, in principle, it was possible to add positive reactivity with such a strong acceleration. He consistently looked for possible sources of issues that would lead to accidents, systematized them, and made probabilistic evaluations of events, estimates of the likelihood of an event leading to a release of radioactivity. I repeat that they were invented in continuous phone conversations with Moscow, with experts who assessed, did the thermophysical calculations. But when such cases became known, a scandal broke out. This is the main reason for the magnitude of the accident. It, in my opinion, is wrong. [7], Reactor 4 of Chernobyl nuclear plant exploded on 26 April 1986 at 1:23:45 a.m, releasing a massive amount of radiation and contaminating a large area. Legasov: About the ratio [unclear] I will say later. It was scary to see such a situation. It was necessary to simultaneously organize a number of tasks that were of completely different types. Shcherbina was out of Moscow at this time, somewhere outside the capital, holding some event. Rarely have any of us really spoken frankly and accurate about this. Based on their data, we adopted one or another decision. [5] The proposals triggered a significant backlash from the existing scientific leadership. We tried to use robots but this generally was not very successful. I suppose what I am saying is that the institute, for the first time, managed to assemble a group of experts who looked at nuclear energy as a system, all elements of which should be equally efficient, equally safe and reliable; and depending on the size of one or the other element in the system, the quality of the entire nuclear energy system should be more or less optimum. This is how the idea of channel type RBMK reactor with graphite blocks, etc came about. There was a mulberry-coloured or even crimson glow visible above the station, which is opposite of what is usual for a nuclear power station. Methods to hold the concrete in place had to be thought of. How many areas, and people, were affected and to what degree; what has already been restored and what hasnt. It is only for myself. They often practised there. The severity of the radiation conditions meant that the reactor could only be approached from the air, and even then nothing could get closer than about 200 metres above the reactor. That was it. It needs mentioning that when the work became organized like this, when the effort was distributed across various institutions and supervisors, then, of course, there was much more order and clarity than in the first days when all the emergency problems were solved but not all work had gone smoothly. That we will need nuclear sources in an ever-increasing amount, firstly due to economic considerations, resources and secondly, environmental. In this situation, many people overheard things here and there and this led to exaggerated rumours; naturally about the number of people affected by radiation sickness, about the levels of contamination in Kiev and the extent of the affected area. This is the first circumstance. The important pipeline had been carelessly quality-assured. All the indicators are good in its. All the time, new buildings, new stands and new people were required to do the work, because the number of devices was growing. The water overheats; the pressure is 170 atm. I was shocked by the accuracy of these words. He was satisfied with this conversation. soon it was necessary to literally fight for the correct implementation of every technological mode. First, to not touch it and leave it as is with its radiation, counting on nature itself to somehow recycle it all, that is, the needles, that are the most contaminated, would fall off, after which the needles could be gathered and buried, while the tree trunks, branches, all these would remain relatively clean. First and foremost I want to say that selecting Boris Eudokimovich Scherbina as the head of the Government Commission was a very good choice . [11] He often visited the theater with his wife, having a love of reading Russian and foreign literature, particularly the works of Yuri Bondarev. One GC would order a train of certain materials, then after the switch, the new one would order another train with different materials. The energy leadership started to regard the importance of this element with great understanding, although without fully realizing the seriousness of this issue themselves. A lot of dams was constructed, dykes, that were meant to hold the contaminated debris, foliage and all that had contaminated the surface of the water and prevent radioactivity from spreading along the Pripyat and the Dnieper. But he acted very eagerly and selflessly. It is necessary to talk about the management scheme for the process of liquidation, that is, about the separation of functions. The trip was in the evening. Legasov: Yes. So there we were, trying to use robots to clean the contaminated roofs of buildings where the 3rd and 4th blocks were, and also the roof of the reactor, of the radioactive contamination. Want to tell you the untold and hidden truth of the Chernobyl disaster.About Valery Legasov:On April 27, 1988, one day after the second anniversary of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident and one day before he was due to announce his results of the investigation into the causes of the disaster, Legasov committed suicide by hanging himself. Adamovich: Did all the graphite there burn out? So he was in shock. It simply shocked me. This organizational aspect should also be described. Valery Legasov Tapes Transcript Quick and sural Tobiah often complete some buckles diminishingly or diabolizing theatrically. All this has to be done. And the second part should be about how it will be necessary to inspect, control and mutually verify the level of safety in nuclear energy in the international plan. [7] Legasov considered these containment steps to be excessive but understandable, while also provided the infrastructure for the eventual construction of a shelter sarcophagus over the reactor. Some stayed in the villages they were evacuated to, others immediately got tickets and went to their relatives. What went on at the Chernobyl station itself for many years: conducting, so to say, experiments the plans for which were made very carelessly and sloppily. And ammonium nitrate is an explosive in its pure form. We broke off pieces of facing from one of the buildings and took them from Pripyat to Chernobyl. All of this, in my opinion, has to be described in this section as obvious and clear. And correlations were found between the contents of individual isotopes, by using relative contents of which we could predict the concentration of, say, Plutonium that was released into the environment. For example, the fact that I learnt that Ramsomson, an American, had analyzed the safety of nuclear power plants. This created an impression that a lot of attention was being paid to it, but in reality, these were the activities of new people arriving into a new industry. A few hours later, we got to Chernobyl. Valery Alekseyevich Legasov (Russian: ; 1 September 1936 - 27 April 1988) was a Soviet and Russian inorganic chemist and a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. the morning at the Ministry, which owns the Institute of Atomic Energy. This is why the firefighters' actions were not only heroic but also very professional, thoughtful and correct. Regularly, several times a day, the leaders of the GC spoke to comrades Dolgikh Vladimir Ivanovich, Rizhkov Nikolai Ivanovich. We met people that were ready to do any job in any circumstances. But these are such personal things. In the first episode of Chernobyl (2019), Valery Legasov is seen hiding his tape recordings down an alleyway before returning to his home and (presumably) taking his own life. A more effective solution was put forward to the Minvodkhoz: to surround the entire contaminated territory with approximately 1450 wells, some of which would be measuring wells in which the radioactivity of the water flowing through wouldbe continuously measured; then, if necessary, contaminated water could be pumped out using special devices, preventing it from reaching the groundwater. But when N.I.Ryzhkov said that nuclear energy was heading towards it, then this picture, created over multiple years, emerged before my eyes. And the next most likely is Leningrad; it will certainly explode. Were there conversations between Shcherbina and Gorbachev? And each one accumulates experience and mistakes, and all of it belongs to all humankind. I was told that the members of the commission should gather at Vnukovo airport at 1600 hours. This general downfall of Soviet technology, the reasons for which can be discussed extensively and for a long time, it was simultaneously the beginning of Chernobyl. As is my nature, I started to research this question and be more active in certain situations, to speak about the necessity of the next generation of reactors to be safer; say TTER reactors or liquid salt reactors that I was trying to present as the next steps towards safer reactors. The translators include images, links and notes in their version of the text, which is divided across several pages with finicky blog-style navigation. This station had a proper training simulator where everyone had to undergo regular training, and the various situations that could arise at a reactor were simulated. Legasov: Yes, two or three times we went by these suits. The responsibilities were distributed in such a way that everything that was outside of the 30-kilometre zone was controlled both from the air and from the ground by the Goskomgidromet [State Committee on Hydrometeorology] led by member-correspondent Yury Antonovich Izrael. He is not in any way timid or sluggish at making decisions. Nuclear energy in the Soviet Union has not emerged from the energy sector but from, as it were, the nuclear industry; where highly trained and disciplined personnel were used, where special military acceptance was in place for every piece of equipment; and consequently the reliability in this sphere of nuclear industry, both from personnel and equipment point of view, was very high. If there is a danger of a person receiving a dose of 25 rem immediately or within a certain amount of time, then the local authorities have the right tohave the right to but are not required tocarry out an evacuation. During the initial launches of the first unit at the Leningrad nuclear station, there was a problem of instability of neutron flows and difficulty in managing them. Now, Ponomaryov-Stepnoi became the first deputy director of nuclear energy who dealt with reactor construction. Neither would there be 14 VVER devices naked, covered by nothing. Say, for the uppermost points, we found that the temperature range was around 300-350 degrees [Celsius]. He didnt get proper support in our ministry; every document, every step was painfully difficult. According to my estimates, 200 tons of lead had been ordered but I immediately told Boris Eudokimovich that 200 tons wont solve any problems. Many prefabricated houses were ordered, made both in Finland and in the Soviet Union. And there is still so much to do! If you would wish to read them, then here, we translated them for English readers: Tape 1 side A In this part Legasov speaks about his first days in the accident zone. They retired him. Numerous councils, interdepartmental or departmental, created an overall atmosphere of joint responsibility for the quality of the device. This type of device came from the Ministry of Medium Machine Building where several such devices were built for special purposes and operated in the most unique way. [20][21] He had been involved in work on industrial safely with the GKNT (State Committee for Science and Technology), in which he had explored the risks involved in energy generation. Starting from the entrance to the station, its external signage, personnel training. And finally, the last but, from my perspective, the most important section. Two years and one day after the disaster, Legasov took his own life, though not before recording a distillation of his side of the story onto five compact cassette tapes. Only it was built by Finnish builders. It lived a peaceful life, quietly, very peacefully. And this is how my professional work was progressing, which gave the ability to successively defend the candidate thesis, the doctoral thesis, dissertations. But nevertheless, the psychological shock and, say, because of that psychological shock, cardiovascular dystonia was found in a large number of experts and continues to be found up until now. Firstly, the 3rd block was ordered to shut down. Basically, they proposed to drop explosives. The creation of these solutions, their testing and their introduction across large areasall this work fell to the army. But after some time, we calculated that the airflow is so high that injecting and diluting it with liquid nitrogen would not have any effect. At the end of the day, this group of course is made up of intelligent specialists, and maybe everything will fall into place. So I started preparing a note in which I described all that was known by that time: how the events had developed, how the destruction of reactor number 4 had happened, what work had already been done, and what work was yet to be performed. Valery Alekseevich Legasov About the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant annotation The text of the five cassette tapes, dictated by Academician Legasovym V.A. Then the second option, a sarcophagus but with a concrete dome; why we rejected thatbecause the structure wouldnt withstand it. But then, history came to such a state where science became subordinate to the Ministry. The Science and Technology Council of the institute frequently held discussions about the conceptual issues in the development of nuclear energy, but very rarely were technical aspects talked about such as the quality of the reactors, the quality of fuel, the problems that were there. The original deadline for this construction was at the end of September, but various issues that naturally come up prevented this work from being completed in time. It was clear that in the first few days, because of the way air masses were flowing and because of the material drops in the reactor, the contamination was spreading with the dust. I understood, I must tell you honestly, that I understood that the city was being evacuated permanently. An RBMK channel bursts, so they start researching why this happened; is Zirconium to blame, or the operating state, or something else? Of course, it would be best to use what we all eagerly wish for, the alternative sources: thermonuclear, solar, (sic), and the others. Three or four or up to ten tons of TNT, this is the maximum that can be said. [11], There are several theories concerning Legasov's motivations and state of mind. [18] His colleague These were the sanitary rules that existed at the time. For areas with higher temperatures that were located lower, we needed to deliver the metal, but then it would generate additional energy because of overoxidation. Further still, we must return to the fact that neither work nor reconnaissance robots were available in any country in the world. In his personal life, he composed poetry and encouraged its publication. And the tracking and monitoring for each one of them are very high-class. An investigation was started. And on the 26th, at 11.11 pm, there was another meeting of the Government Commission that considered two issues. In this case, they had received the following signal: "1-2-3-4"; which means that an event had occurred at the station that involved nuclear hazard, radiation hazard, fire hazard and explosive hazard, that is to say, all possible types of hazard. They left me. They just constantly performed more measurements, more elaborations and tried their best to understand the actual conditions. I will mention only one example of his work. But, you know, it is hard to say even now; it is probably good that it was allowed but it is bad that it was not organized properly. This was just as worrying. As such, it became clear that lead would be an effective measure. This kind of scientific management of aviation seems right to me. The operator had detected the first crack [defect in metal] despite the fact that it could not be seen with the naked eye. I once heard from Ponomaryev-Stepnoy Nikolai Nikolaevich (he was a Deputy Director of Nuclear Energy, now the First Deputy). First of all, start the design of the covering that would later come to be called the sarcophagus. By 33 times almost. You approach the gates of the Skazochniy Pioneer Camp. V.A.Kabanov, with the help of the heads of the Ministry of Chemical Industry managed to organize production in Dzerzhinsk that was sufficient for our needs. But it turned out that the materials needed were not there, or the material scientists didnt want to, or could not, make them. I will not talk about safe reactors because the requirements formulated by Novikov are very accurate. And I could not win in these matters because, to the reactor people from the Ministry, I was a chemist, and this allowed them to not listen to my opinions carefully and to treat my suggestions as sort of fantasies. [citation needed] He was a member of the Science and Technology Council of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building. So to save the considerable amount of expensive equipment stored there, a special workshop was constructed at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, a decontamination workshop. The initial conclusions are that fish living close to the riverbed do, without a doubt, carry some radioactivity in them but no disturbing symptoms have been discovered. They said that things were probably bad. And subsequently the construction itself was assigned to the Ministry of Medium Machine Building. So we started taking various measurements using a specially-designed collimator, which showed that the activity on the roof is not the only source affecting the radiation conditions in the 3rd block. The shot was on station territory but it was in a room that was heavily contaminated, making it impossible to load it into the helicopters. Now the chemical accidents: an explosion at Dzerzhinsk, there will be a powerful explosion; then the same volumetric explosion at Kuibyshev and Shymkent at a phosphorus plant. And the very fact that the station could independently perform any actions not authorised by the experts is already a defect in the relationship of the experts with this station. There were also issues with elementary culture. It was difficult to determine if they were the parachutes burning that had been used to drop the lead and other materials. An enormous amount of work had been done and as a result, outside the 30-kilometre zone, we were receiving more and more precise maps that showed the degree of contamination of various areas. In the subordination of this Glaucus, frankly, boring, standard. And the requirements they created were not ideal, not the ones that had to be created to make nuclear energy safer, but rather they were coming from the current situation that we had here, and from some Western experiences. But the word maximally, in both cases, can never mean a 100 per cent reliability. Ukraines energy demands dictated the need for introducing more and more power capacities. So, from my point of view, this was a philosophical mistake; allowing operation of stations without an external localisation shelter. Would it be easy or difficult? Of course, what happened at Chernobyl has real, not abstract, culprits to blame. It was led by comrade Petrov who had arrived here earlier. He himself spent a lot of time on the site and under his leadership, the robots were created, tested and used. With the same . But, in reality, there could be an accident. So this was indeed true, but nevertheless Anatoly Petrovich insisted that Kokoshin must write an article refuting these views. 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