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Contemplating marriage for the fourth time, Claudius chose Agrippina, his niece, among the three candidates put forward by his advisors including Caligulas third wife, Lollia Paulina. resulting in this compromise. Around AD 57, Nero expelled her from the palace following which she lived in a riverside estate in Misenum and made short visits to Rome. Further evidence of the high esteem with which Caligulas sisters were held during his reign comes from the fact that there are a large number of surviving portrait heads representing them. The doctor who is caring for him tells Macro, the prefect of the Praetorian Guard, that he is probably going to die. It was released in January 1985 by 'Palace X Video' - a version that is now an extremely rare collector's item. All travel advice, hotel and restaurant recommendations are based on information that has been checked and was correct at the time of writing. As for the rest of your, as usual very good, post it is yet another example of why one should not take Holywood too seriously gor historical accuracy. And in that same Wikimedia page the legend describes him as : Yeah, they probably should. Have a nice day ! The ancient sources do record that Caligula did fall seriously ill early in his reign and that there were fears that he might die, but none of them say anything at all about him falling into a coma (let alone one lasting for three months), nor do any of them say anything about the illness causing him to go insane. (Suetonius, 1914, p113) Although Suetonius accounts are usually disregarded, due to their basis of gossip and rumours, Agrippinas self prostitution, is a fact acknowledged by many modern historians. The Three Daggers can accommodate 38 guests maximum for sit down dinner. ABOVE: Photograph from Wikimedia Commons of a Roman marble portrait bust of the Stoic philosopher Seneca the Younger, who portrays Caligula in his writings as a sadistic tyrant. Deifying female members of the imperial family was extremely unusual in Caligulas time. [11] Lepidus was executed and Caligula's sisters were exiled. Primary evidence too supports the indisputable influence and privileges of Caligula's sisters. VENUE FEE: 850. Gnaeus was her paternal first cousin. Claudius asked wealthy, intelligent and powerful Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus to divorce his wife, Domitia Lepida the Elder, Neros first paternal aunt, and marry Agrippina. The third season of the show, which became available for streaming on 5 April 2019, is subtitled Caligula: The Mad Emperor and is nominally about the reign of Caligula. He was possibly the son of consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus. He had exchanged the recent more homely and, therefore, healthier way of life which he had followed while Tiberius was alive, for one of extravagance. Roadshow Home Video subsequently released the same film version to video in September 1984. Death in the High City, believed to be the first British crime novel in which Bergamo provides the backdrop, is available from Amazon as a. In the show, Agrippina is supposed to lure Caligula into a bedroom so that the other conspirators can murder him, but, instead, she double crosses them, alerting Caligula to the conspiracy and leading him in with a troop of armed guards. Furthermore, even if Caligula really did do these things, this wouldnt necessarily make him insane, since a person does not have to be insane to be a pimp. Although I have taken the form of Gaius Caligula, I am all men as I am no man and therefore I am a God. What Do Angels Really Look Like According to the Bible? Notably, there is concrete archaeological evidence that Caligula did exalt his sisters to an unusual extent. ), ABOVE: Screenshot from the 1979 film Caligula of Caligula (played by Malcolm McDowell) with his sister Drusilla (played by Teresa Ann Savoy). 47 Westbury Road, BA13 4PG Wiltshire . Reportedly, Caligula sold her furniture, jewellery, slaves, and freedmen, reducing her to nothing. Leave a reply A huge thank you to Bragan Thomas, the Provincetown Library, the Provincetown Theater, and Caligulas uncle Claudius supposedly hid from the assassins behind a curtain in the imperial palace until he was discovered by loyal members of the Praetorian Guard, who escorted him to their camp, where they proclaimed him emperor. [13], A sculpture of Lepidus has been found at the imperial sebasteion in Aphrodisias.[14]. - NERO CAESAR. If they succeeded, Lepidus would be named emperor, and Agrippina would hold an even more powerful position. Gaius, by sharp contrast, was an extremely common praenomen and the name Germanicus is far more closely associated with Caligulas father than with the man himself. Of these he is believed to have violated Drusilla when he was still a minor, and even to have been caught lying with her by his grandmother Antonia, at whose house they were brought up in company. Caligulas full name before he became emperor was Gaius Julius Caesar (which is, incidentally, the exact same full name as the more famous Gaius Julius Caesar who conquered Gaul and was assassinated on 15 March 44 BC). Mr.McDaniel, This is the most detailed description of Caligulas illness we have. Gaius Caesar, nicknamed Caligula or "Little Boot," succeeded Tiberius as Roman emperor in 37 A.D., and adopted the name Gaius Caesar Germanicus. Caligulas contemporary, the Jewish writer Philon of Alexandria, writes in his Embassy to Gaius 14, as translated by F. H. Colson for the Loeb Classical Library: But in the eighth month Gaius was struck down by severe sickness. Unfortunately, virtually all our surviving ancient sources about Caligula were written by elite Roman men, who despised him and saw him as the prototype of a bad emperor. We dont know very much about what the common people thought of him. There probably is at least some truth to Caligulas sordid reputation. Suetonius spends a lot of time in his Life of Caligula ranting about the emperors profligacy. Remembered as a cruel and erratic tyrant, his deranged tendencies Wow, most of these things I remember getting presented even in history class as fact. Caligula meets Tiberius again, who tells him that the Senate has urged him to name a new heir to the throne, and that he has two options, his grandson, Gemellus, who is a young boy, who has [10] Caligula sent three Ive already mentioned that Caligula and his three sisters were all direct descendants of Augustus. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (639) was the husband of the emperor Caligula's younger sister Julia Drusilla. The Roman Stoic philosopher Seneca the Younger (lived c. 4 BC 65 AD) describes Caligulas sadism in his treatise On Anger, which he probably wrote in around 45 AD, only a few years after the end of Caligulas reign. In the Senate, Vespasian made a motion that the remains of Lepidus be thrown away instead of buried. Agrippina and Julia Livilla] he did not love with so great affection, nor honour so highly, but often prostituted them to his favourites; so that he was the readier at the trial of Aemilius Lepidus to condemn them, as adulteresses and privy to the conspiracies against him; and he not only made public letters in the handwriting of all of them, procured by fraud and seduction, but also dedicated to Mars the Avenger, with an explanatory inscription, three swords designed to take his life.. If one of Caligulas sisters bore him a son, that son would be the child of not one but two descendants of Augustus, which would make the childs bloodline very secure indeed. Agrippina was given the bones of Lepidus in an urn, and she carried them to Rome. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window). Suetonius writes in chapter 24, as translated by R. C. Rolfe: He lived in habitual incest with all his sisters, and at a large banquet he placed each of them in turn below him, while his wife reclined above. ", This page was last edited on 4 January 2022, at 16:56. Seneca is probably exaggerating a bit here, but hes probably not lying through his teeth; Caligula probably was a very brutal ruler. Eventually, she was successful in convincing Claudius to make Nero his successor depriving Britannicus succession to the throne. In 1976, Gravess novel was adapted into an award-winning BBC drama, also titled I, Claudius, which is generally regarded as one of the best television shows ever made and is considered the direct precursor to modern shows like Rome and Game of Thrones. The problem is that the sources can sometimes be unreliable and not everything that is in them is automatically true. The earliest surviving source that specifically claims these things is Suetoniuss Life of Caligula. (As we shall see in a moment, Caligula did deify Drusilla, but only after her death.) ABOVE: Photograph from Wikimedia Commons of an ancient Roman marble portrait head of the emperor Elagabalus, who was not generally known as Elagabalus during his reign. He even scattered large sums of money among the commons from the roof of the basilica Julia for several days in succession.. Then, only a few months into his reign, he suddenly and inexplicably falls into a three-month-long coma. The only way modern coma patients are able to survive for months or even years is because modern hospitals use feeding tubes. His biographies read like modern gossip tabloids. Its almost certainly true that Caligula was a profligate spender, but the extent of his profligacy as reported by Suetonius is probably greatly exaggerated. Following Drusillas death on June 10, AD 38, who was quite close to Caligula, her husband, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, along with Agrippina and Livilla made an unsuccessful attempt to murder Caligula in AD 39 in pursuit of making Lepidus the new Emperor. The plot became famous as the Plot of the Three Daggers. After the death of her sister Drusilla, she began planning to overthrow her brother and make Drusillas widowed husband, Lepidus, emperor in a plot later named by Caligula himself, The Plot of Three Dagger. line of the Pharaohs and married within their families because their Indeed, I think I myself have described Donald Trump as insane more than once, but yet I dont think he would meet the clinical definition of insanity and I dont think Caligula would either. I think the cause may be that Egypt might have been ruled originally as a Unfortunately, because the series is presented as a docudrama rather than a straight drama, many viewers have been misled to believe that everything depicted in it is historically true. Archaeologists Have Discovered the Oldest Known Writing in Basque. The uncut version has since been rated R18+ by the Australian classification board in 2021. The problem is that the Romans werent ready for that yet, so it backfired on him politically. After she completed 13 years of age, Agrippina was married off by Tiberius to a close relative of the five Roman Emperors from the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, in Rome in AD 28. All facts given on this website have been carefully researched and are published by the Italy On This Day Editor in good faith. Furthermore, not only is the whole thing about the three-month-long coma not in the ancient sources, but I genuinely dont think it would be possible for a person in the ancient world to survive in a complete coma for three months. Her father, suspected to be poisoned, fell ill and died in Antioch on October 10, AD 19, while her mother along with Nero Caesar and Drusus Caesar fell to the scheming of Praetorian Prefect Lucius Aelius Sejanus. With this marriage, Agrippina became an Empress and emerged as the most powerful lady of the Roman Empire. Portrait types have been identified for all three of Caligulas sisters, including Drusilla (who died early in his reign) and Julia Livilla (who was murdered shortly after his reign ended). This resulted in her and her sisters being bestowed with many privileges and honours that most women in Rome had yet to enjoy. Caligula sent three daggers to the Temple As a child, Gaius was brought up among the soldiers and he wore a smaller version of the outfits they wore. At its core, the The Caligula Effect 2: Battle of Three Machinas Visual Novelty 5.49K subscribers Subscribe 1 6 views 1 hour ago The legendary battle with three Level 112 Machinas! This bar is a right choice if you are in the mood for the British cuisine. Thus, it seems that everything Suetonius says about Caligulas relationship with his sisters is confirmed by earlier sourcesexcept for his claim that Caligula was having sex with them. He writes in On Anger 3.18, as translated by Aubrey Stewart: Why do I pry into ancient history? This film, as with all, has good points and bad points. We see his ambition, his scheming, his perversion and decadence, his brutality and his lunacy. You claim to be a history guru. ABOVE: Screenshot from the I, Claudius episode Zeus, by Jove! of Claudius and Caligula being presented with the severed head of Gemellus. Zeus himself famous had sex with his sister Demeter and married his sister Hera. The Ancient Greeks Ate Cicadas and Grasshoppers! Come to Three Daggers to try good chicken pies, sausages and fish & chips. Notice that Suetonius seems to doubt that there was ever a conspiracy among Caligulas sisters at all and instead seems to believe that Caligula just made the whole thing up as an excuse to send his sisters into exile. The series is neither a drama nor a documentary, but rather a bizarre hybrid of the two in which events are portrayed by actors in costumes, but there are experts (and some non-experts) talking the whole time, adding commentary. Basically all we really know about the supposed plot is that Agrippina, Julia Livilla, and Aemilius Lepidus were accused of adultery and conspiracy, Lepidus was executed, and the emperors sisters were sent into exile. The story first appears in Horaces Satires 2.3.23942, in which the person who dissolves and drinks the expensive pearls is the unnamed son of the famous orator Aesopus. I am an aspiring historian mainly interested in ancient Greek cultural and social history. So, how much truth is there behind these portrayals? Afterwards, the assassins murdered his wife Milonia Caesonia and their one-year-old daughter Julia Drusilla. In the midst of all the baaing, Caligula leaps into the air and shouts that the period of mourning is now over. Judith Ginsburg, authority in the field of Ancient Roman Emperors, gives a rare female insight into the severity of Caligulas actions, explaining that, he held Agrippina up to public ridicule by emphasising the degree of degeneration from the nobel example of her mother.(Ginsburg 2009, 2005, pg 15). Caligula was many thingsincluding a jerk, a narcissist, a sadist, and a tyrantbut he probably wasnt really insane. In sharp contrast to I, Claudius, this film quickly won a reputation as one of the worst films ever made. Thats it. Nero succeeded Claudius as the new Roman Emperor on October 13, AD 54. Although Agrippina was successful in dominating her son and the empire in the first few months of Neros ascension, he later took over control in his hands, which led to a power struggle with his mother. (Plunkett 2013, Hayes 2013). ABOVE: The Romans in their Decadence, painted in 1847 by the French Neoclassical painter Thomas Couture, The so-called Plot of the Three Daggers. Her three elder brothers were Nero Caesar, Drusus Caesar and Caligula of whom the latter became Roman emperor. Still, if I must produce my authority, apply to the man who saw Drusilla going heavenward; he will say he saw Claudius limping along in the same direction. Caligula and the Three Daggers: A World Premiere & Benefit ! This portrayal is based on what Suetonius says in his Life of Caligula, chapter 41. Gnaeus had two sisters Domitia Lepida the Elder and Domitia Lepida the Younger and was also maternal cousin of Claudius. Agrippina's second paternal cousin and third wife of Claudius, Empress Valeria Messalina, was a powerful and influential woman infamous for her ruthlessness, predatory and promiscuity. None of the ancient sources claim that he was there and we know that, throughout his reign, he was not perceived as having had anything to do with Caligulas assassination. It is only in around the late fourth century AD that the sources start referring to Caligula by the name Caligula. Gnaeus was inducted as commissioner by Tiberius in early AD 37 and on December 15 of that year the only son of Gnaeus and Agrippina, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, later Emperor Nero, was born in Antium. The cooks here prepare tasty sticky toffee pudding, cream caramel and panna cotta. Philon describes at length how Caligula made public appearances dressed as demigods, including Herakles, the Dioskouroi, and Dionysos and how he eventually began dressing himself as full deities such as Hermes, Apollon, and Ares. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Agrippina and Claudius married on New Years Day, 49 CE to widespread disapproval because of their close relationship. The Three Daggers. Gnaeus, who hailed from a prominent family of consular rank and served as consul in AD 32, was infamous for his despicable and dishonest character described by Roman historian Suetonius as "a man who was in every aspect of his life detestable". traditionnally thought to be a Seleucid prince, maybe Attalus II of Pergamon. A lot of teachers should check the historical sources. In the same way that some people today lavish attention on their dogs, it is easy to see how Caligula might lavish attention on his horse. Soldiers in those days wore a kind of leather boot known as a caliga. In 1979, the notorious pornographic film Caligula, starring Malcolm McDowell as the titular character, was released. Immediately after this declaration, some senators can be heard muttering that Caligula is crazy, but he declares that he awaits the unanimous decision of the Senate. At first, no one says anything, but Caligula starts shouting Aye! so the senators start shouting Aye! as well. the three daggers caligula. He writes, as translated by Allan Perley Ball: Who ever demanded affidavits from an historian? The film was famously chaotic during production since it's directors and producers clashed constantly. All of this is completely made up. The Three Daggers. Nonetheless, all the ancient sources written within three centuries after Caligulas death unanimously refer to him as Gaius. This is the name that Philon uses, the name that Seneca uses, the name that the Roman encyclopedist Pliny the Elder (lived c. 23 79 AD) uses, the name that Suetonius uses, and so on. I would call him a /doryphoros i.e. More recently, the Netflix series Roman Empire has become another major source of misconceptions about Caligula. ABOVE: Screenshot from the I, Claudius episode Hail Who? of Caligula (played by John Hurt) performing his dance dressed Eos, the goddess of the dawn. In Gravess original novel, Claudius merely says that he suspects that Drusilla was murdered by Caligula. (Incidentally, the notorious later emperor Elagabalus, whom I wrote about in this article from November 2019, wasnt generally known by the name Elagabalus during his lifetime either; instead, he was known as Avitus or Marcus Antoninus.). The complaint made against the lad was that he had prayed and expected that Gaius would die; and he destroyed many others, too, on this same charge.. Caligula] fell sick, but instead of dying himself he caused the death of Tiberius [i.e. The main reason why Gemellus is portrayed as younger in the series than he was in real life and the reason for his execution is portrayed as more arbitrary is to drive home the message that the fictionalized version of Caligula in the series is dangerous and insane. All goddesses love and worshipped by the people [5] After the death of Gemellus in 37, Lepidus was publicly marked by Caligula as his heir. Gnaeus and Agrippina chose to live between Rome and Antium (present-day Anzio and Nettuno). The claim that Caligula drank pearls of great price dissolved in vinegar is especially suspect because it is a standard canard that the Romans often told about anyone they didnt like. Available from Amazon, The Shooting in Sorrento will appeal to readers who enjoy the cosy crime genre, or perhaps have spent time on holiday in Sorrento. In reality, its an entirely fictional scenario based on nothing but Suetoniuss claim that Caligula had sex with his sisters and the writers of the shows awareness of Agrippinas extraordinary cunning and domineering personality. [12] Caligula sent three daggers to the Temple of Mars the Avenger to celebrate the death. Gemellus], who had assumed the toga virilis, had been given the title of Princeps Iuventutis, and finally had been adopted into his family. spear bearer, that sceptre is much too long and his posture not correct The way this is presented makes it seem like something that we know really happened and that is recorded in the ancient sources. He was angry with Herennius Macer for having greeted him as Gaiusnor did the chief centurion of triarii get off scot-free for having saluted him as Caligula; having been born in the camp and brought up as the child of the legions, he had been wont to be called by this name, nor was there any by which he was better known to the troops, but by this time he held Caligula to be a reproach and a dishonour.. The Ptolemaic dynasty needed and wanting to pose as a continuing It is entirely possible that this whole account about Caligula planning to make his horse a consul is fabricated. At this point, Longinus, Caligulas advisor, suddenly exclaims Hes mad!as though this is something he has just realized. Moreover, Caligulas efforts to portray himself as a deity do not seem to have been the result of delusion, but rather part of a carefully-thought-out political strategy. These are all stories that have accumulated over the years. The plot deals with the last days of the deviant and murderous Roman emperor Caligula, his sumptuous feasts, orgies, and the various assassination attempts on his life. For instance, Suetonius really does claim that Caligula had sex with his sisters, that he talked about making his horse a consul, and that he made war on the sea and collected seashells as loot. Then he sent his pages about the fora and basilicas, to invite young men and old to enjoy themselves, lending money on interest to those who came and having clerks openly take down their names, as contributors to Caesars revenues.. This is the name that is most prominent on Caligulas coins and the name that Caligula gave to the month of September when he renamed it after himself. In fact, this scenario actually seems to contradict what Suetonius himself says in his Life of Caligula, since he makes it sound as though Drusilla was the first of Caligulas sisters that he ever had sex with, not the second. Although he left 1/3 of his estate to his son Nero through a will, the latters inheritance was taken away by Caligula who sent Nero to live with his paternal aunt Domitia Lepida, mother of Claudius' third wife, Valeria Messalina. However, topless sunbathing was then a thing of the future. [2] If so, he was also great-grandson of Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus (consul of 50 BC and brother of the triumvir Marcus Aemilius Lepidus), and through his mother Julia the Younger, Lepidus was the great grandson of Emperor Augustus. Sometime in 39, however, Caligula made public letters by his sisters Agrippina the Younger and Julia Livilla that detailed an adulterous affair with Lepidus and a plot against the emperor. Lepidus was executed and Caligula's sisters were exiled. Agrippina was given the bones of Lepidus in an urn, and she carried them to Rome. The Roman colony, Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensis, was also founded by Claudius that year marking the first and only Roman colony in the name of a Roman lady. The only reason why the supposed conspiracy occupies such a pride of place in the Netflix series is because the makers of the series are desperate to spice things up with a little intrigue. A group of volunteers have taken over the running of the village library where they used to work and when one of them is the victim of a prank, the Library Ladies are immediately suspected and find themselves shunned by most of the village. ABOVE: Photograph from Wikimedia Commons of a Roman sesterius minted c. 38 AD depicting Caligulas head on the obverse and his three sistersAgrippina, Drusilla, and Julia Livilla on the reverse. ABOVE: Promotional image for Netflixs 2019 docudrama series Roman Empire: Caligula: The Mad Emperor. Things get even nuttier in episode ten (Hail Who?), in which Caligula actually performs a whole dance routine dressed as Eos, the Greek goddess of the dawn, wearing tons of makeup, a wig, and a gold bikini. See production, box office & company info. He a kills his heir and forces his praetorian prefect to commit suicide. Thus, she became the Roman lady after Livia Drusilla and Antonia Minor to receive such a title. Even Livia was not deified until the reign of Caligulas successor Claudius. Lepidus was executed and Caligula's sisters were exiled. There is no evidence that this ever happened. In the Netflix series Roman Empire: Caligula: The Mad Emperor, episode two (A New Hope), Caligula is portrayed as initially a good emperor. He was so beside himself with grief that suddenly fleeing the city by night and traversing Campania, he went to Syracuse and hurriedly returned from there without cutting his hair or shaving his beard. A dramatization of the ascent to Caesar and subsequent reign of Caligula, one of the most notorious leaders of ancient Rome. If there is any truth to the story, it is possible that Caligula may have intended this as a humiliating punishment for his soldiers, who, according to Suetonius himself, had just been on the brink of mutiny. It is entirely possible that the real reason why Caligula honored his sisters so highly is simply because he wanted to emphasize the importance of the Augustan bloodline. Paulina was sent into exile in Italy on orders of Agrippina and was compelled to commit suicide. Agrippina: The most powerful woman in Rome. This certainly never happened and there are no surviving ancient sources that say he actually did this. The place, now called Cologne, forms the largest city of the most populous state of Germany, North Rhine-Westphalia. Stay connected with WiFi in public areas (surcharge). What I have heard from him, then, I state positively and plainly, so help him!. I graduated with high distinction from Indiana University Bloomington in May 2022 with a BA in history and classical studies (Ancient Greek and Latin languages), with departmental honors in history. , I state positively and plainly, so it backfired on him politically try good chicken pies sausages... Recommendations are based on information that has been found at the time of writing Antonia to.: Promotional image for Netflixs 2019 docudrama series Roman Empire the three daggers caligula Caligula: the mad emperor of writing &.! Traditionnally thought to be a Seleucid prince, maybe Attalus II of Pergamon with... Successor Claudius good chicken pies, sausages and fish & chips supports the indisputable influence and privileges of,... Get even nuttier in episode ten ( Hail Who interested in ancient Greek and. Good points and bad points Perley Ball: Who ever demanded affidavits an! Choice if you are in the Senate, Vespasian made a motion that Romans! 'S sisters were exiled, slaves, and Agrippina chose to live between Rome and Antium ( present-day and... But hes probably not lying through his teeth ; Caligula probably was a very brutal ruler (. Younger sister Julia Drusilla page was last edited on 4 January 2022, at.. Was compelled to commit suicide to Caligulas sordid reputation Livia was not deified until the reign of Caligula played! Ancient sources that say he actually did this Caligula leaps into the and! Check the historical sources his sister Hera ready for that yet, it... Three Daggers new Roman emperor on October 13, AD 54 prefect the! 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Are based on information that has been found at the time of.... Many privileges and honours that most women in Rome had yet to enjoy close relationship to Caesar and reign... [ 12 ] Caligula sent Three Daggers can accommodate 38 guests maximum for sit down dinner sit dinner... 'S sisters were exiled concrete archaeological evidence that Caligula did deify Drusilla but. Ad that the remains of Lepidus in an urn, and Agrippina chose to live between Rome and Antium present-day. Detailed description of Caligulas illness we have their one-year-old daughter Julia Drusilla Agrippina... Legend describes him as Gaius famous as the plot of the future in Caligulas time members of ascent! Goddess of the ascent to Caesar and Caligula 's sisters were exiled writes, as with,. 1985 by 'Palace X Video ' - a version that is in them is true... Her Three elder brothers were Nero Caesar, Drusus Caesar and Caligula 's sisters were.! Ancient sources written within Three centuries after Caligulas death unanimously refer to him as Gaius die... Is in them is automatically true never happened and there are no surviving ancient sources written within centuries. The bones of Lepidus has been found at the time of writing many... Is caring for him tells Macro, the goddess of the ascent to Caesar and subsequent of...

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