J Anat. Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog CE 281 short bodied with small arches; they decrease in length The Intervertebral Disk and width caudal to T1. These plexuses contribute to tocia.52 multiple peripheral nerves, including the femoral (lum- The obturator nerve of the horse, ox, and dog is bar plexus), obturator (lumbar plexus), and sciatic (ischi- formed within the caudal portion of the iliopsoas mus- atic; sacral plexus) nerves. CE Article #1 Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog: The Vertebral Column and Peripheral Nerves Jonathan M. Levine, DVM, DACVIM (Neurology)a Gwendolyn J. Levine, DVM Anton G. Hoffman, DVM, PhD Jason Mez, DVM Gerald R. Bratton, DVM, PhD Texas A&M University ABSTRACT: Knowledge of the peripheral nervous system and vertebral column anatomy is important in veterinary medicine.This article describes the vertebral column anatomy, vertebral column biomechanics, and peripheral nerve distribution in the horse, ox, and dog. The Comparative Anatomy of Man, the Horse, and the Dog - Containing Information on Skeletons, the Nervous System and Other Aspects of Anatomy. b. general somatic efferents to digital flexors. (Saph = saphenous branch of the femoral nerve) Sciatic Tibial Saph Sciatic Saph Saph Peroneal Saph Sciatic Tibial Peroneal Peroneal Peroneal Peroneal Tibial Tibial Tibial Dog; autonomous zones. Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog CE 291 Williams and Wilkins, 2002. Distally, bones are numbered 1-5, though 5 is always fused with 4. The lateral branch continues as palmar axial digital median nerve in the horse, ox, and dog. The horse skeleton is the rigid framework of the body that consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments.There are two hundred and five bones found in horse skeleton.In this long article, I will discuss the osteological features of all bones from the horse skeleton anatomy labeled diagram. 1 2010 CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy General Anatomy & Carnivore Anatomy Lecture Notes by Thomas F. Fletcher, DVM, PhD and Christina E. Clarkson, DVM, PhD Elbow joint (consists of 3 joints) #3. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Except where otherwise noted content is available under. d. extension of the pelvic limb. Comparative anatomy seeks to describe the structure of the bodies of organisms in terms of their homologous structures. Some Comparative Anatomy . a. appropriate support of the limb at the elbow with compensatory swinging of the limb forward 8. Metacarpal bones There was one metacarpal bone in BBG but five in d og for each forelimb (Figure 13). A comparative multi-site and whole-body assessment of fascia in the horse and dog: a detailed histological investigation. The forelimb is complex in the horse, with the head and neck being a crane-like structure that causes 60% of a horse's body weight distribution to the forelimbs. The Neck, Back, and Vertebral Column of the Horse 20. ). It has no cutaneous branches. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The Pelvis and Reproductive Organs of the Horse 23. The success and handiness of our original Hoof Anatomy Pocket Guide, led us to create this expanded, in-depth guide to the equine distal limb. There are no true ligaments in the shoulder joint. The articu- horses, suggesting the possibility of a different develop- lar processes of lumbar vertebrae have large facets ori- mental program in this species.10 Disk herniation has ented in the sagittal plane. In the bending, dorsoventral flexion, and extension.15 The neck horse, the nerve is not protected by an acromion and of a galloping horse undergoes 28 of vertical motion, thus is susceptible to injury by compression against the which aids in generating thoracic limb protraction.20 edge of the scapula. There are no defined extensors of the shoulder. 15 The In the horse, dog, and ox, the suprascapular nerve atlantoaxial joint is responsible for 73% of the axial rota- travels between the subscapularis and supraspinatus tion of the equine cer vical spine; it has limited muscles. Haghighi SS, Kitchell RL, Johnson RD, et al: Electrophysiologic studies of d. held in place by transverse and intercapital ligaments. 33. Accessibility A horizontal plane is at right angles to both the median plane and transverse planes. Figure 6-10, Page 165 . April 2008 COMPENDIUM EQUINE 162 CE Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog: The Brain and Associated Vessels through the spinal cord to modulate alpha and gamma First, review the names of bones in the human skeleton. 38. JAVMA the dog. The canine 10. 1 Type of the Paper (Article) 2 Comparative distal limb anatomy reveals a primitive 3 trait in 2 breeds of Equus caballus. After coursing in the pelvic canal alongside the The femoral nerve originates within the psoas major medial aspect of the ilium, it exits via the obturator fora- muscle and travels caudally in all three species. Subjects. It articulates proximally with the distal humerus, caudally with the ulna, and distally with the carpus. Having spent the past few weeks hunched over my anatomy book it was great to get out and have a look at how the skeletons of dogs, sheep . articulation and cranial to the septum between the long The tibial nerve runs between the two heads of the and lateral digital extensors.39,41,42 The peroneal nerve gastrocnemius muscle and crosses the stifle on the sur- can also be blocked as it emerges from under the biceps face of the popliteus.1 The tibial nerve provides general femoris muscle and crosses over the lateral side of the somatic efferents to digital flexors and tarsal extensors in head of the fibula, providing analgesia to the dorsal por- all species discussed. Veterinary Medicine. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1983. Although the reliability of these tests has been nating from the caudal cervical spinal cord that are questioned by some authors,5759 their frequent use in believed to interact with cervical alpha motor neurons.60 the clinical setting necessitates brief discussion of their Diseases that compromise the caudal cervical spinal neuroanatomic basis and value. These two breeds of horse, at either end of the equine athletic spectrum, are ideally suited for comparative studies of equine hind limb anatomy and muscle architecture. Analogous structures: represent different units of anatomy serving the same function. Physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) is defined as the sum of the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibres within the muscle belly. A comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni , and the scansorial tree squirrel, Sciurus niger, was focused on the musculoskeletal design for Webhumerus bone veterinary bones anatomy bovine left horse dog vet animal ox bison skeletal med drawing visit choose board medicine. The olecranon articulates with the humerus via its anconeal process. J Physiol (Lond) 19:85121, 1895. dorsal arch, and possess large articular processes with and wider than the other cervical vertebrae. cle. dogs, and humans.10 Although the notochord partici- The horse has six lumbar vertebrae, but some breeds, pates in the formation of the nucleus pulposus in other especially Arabians, may have five.1 Oxen and dogs have species, no notochord cells have been found at any age in six and seven lumbar vertebrae, respectively. Clayton HM, Townsend HG: Kinematics of the cervical spine of the adult horse. In all species, the suprascapular dorsally oriented cranial articular processes, allowing nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus minimal axial rotation and moderate amounts of lateral muscles; no cutaneous zone has been identified. In these instances, brackets are used to denote less frequently seen contributing nerves according to the cited references. The canine scapula is Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog CE 285 digit while supporting the limb appropriately at the level blocked at two sites: deep at the level of the base of the of the elbow.35 They may compensate by swinging the splint bone, or where they emerge distally from beneath limb forward when walking to avoid scuffing.36 the distal ends of the splint bones.3942 It is controversial While it is conjoined with the musculocutaneous whether fibers from the palmar metacarpal nerves con- nerve, the median nerve follows the cranial border of the tinue distal to the coronet.1,45 The lateral palmar digital brachial artery in the horse and ox; as it travels distally, it nerve can be anesthetized in a fashion similar to that traverses the vessel to lie on the caudal margin. The superficial After splitting from the sciatic nerve, the peroneal peroneal nerve and its divisions innervate cutaneous sur- nerve of the horse courses laterally under the tendon of faces along the distal two-thirds of the crus and the the biceps femoris muscle at the origin of the long digi- hind paw as well as the lateral digital extensor and per- tal extensor.39,41 Distal to this point, the nerve divides oneus brevis. Schneider JE, Adams OR, Easley KJ, et al: Scapular notch resection for suprascapular nerve decompression in 12 horses. the cutaneous innervation of the pelvic limb of male dogs. These vertebrae are long, have a thick September/October 2007 279 COMPENDIUM EQUINE, 2 b. inability to adduct the pelvic limb. The T1T2 ver- tus contracture in the dog has a similar presentation but tebral motion unit has the greatest amount of dorsoven- is believed to result from compartment syndrome lead- tral flexion and extension of any region of the thoracic ing to localized muscle injury.27 vertebral column; this may facilitate movement of the The musculocutaneous nerve of all domestic mam- head and neck. Bailey CS, Kitchell RL, Haghighi SS, et al: Spinal nerve root origins of the cutaneous nerves of the canine pelvic limb. Research has suggested that the anatomy, and in particular the muscle architecture of the fore and hind limbs of the horse, are optimized for biomechanically distinct functions . Kitchell RL, Whalen LR, Bailey CS, et al: Electrophysiologic studies of cuta- neous nerves of the thoracic limb of the dog. Comparative anatomy: Homologous bones of the forelimb in human, dog, bird, and whale. Anat Histol Embryol 15:122138, 1986. T1 through T7 and send signals to dorsal horn 15. Mammals. 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